In Hitchcock’s Vertigo, Scottie Ferguson is performed as a
quintessentially Freudian Male, with deeply narcissistic impulses pervading his
relationship with the 2(3) women in the film he maintains relationships
with. Though as Mulvey[1]
points out, his narcissistic voyeurism creates a perfect opportunity for both
the scopophilic pleasure and the narcissistic impulse of the cinematic
audience. For both Scottie and for the
audience he carries with him, Madeleine/Judy is the object that brings that
scopophilic pleasure in looking.
While Scottie’s rather pathological infatuation with
Madeleine is treated sympathetically as par for the course, (after all, he’s
given the task of spying on Madeleine and Linda Williams[2]
explains that, in cinema, too look is too desire.) But the desires of the women
in the film (Midge, Madeleine / Judy) are all punished in the course of the
film. While their desires are not
treated as inexplicable (they are, after all, falling in love with the normative
heterosexual hero/optimized alter-ego of the viewer) they are not treated as
justified in their desire in any instance.
Whereas Scottie’s only potential turpitude, pursuing a married woman, is
blotted out by the revelation that he’d really been interacting with Judy,
pretending to be Madeleine.
In his desire, and his three-dimensional action as he
pursued Madeleine-then-Judy and then manipulated her as an object-to-be-viewed
for his pleasure, all the narrative devices seem to sympathize with him. Only an analysis removed from the language
of the screen might find him rather guilty of Judy’s accidental death. By contrast, Midge is punished for her unreciprocated
desire by continual dehumanizing rejection, especially after her satirical
self-portrait is poorly received, and ultimately by Scottie refusing to
recognize her or return her gaze during his hospital stay. Scottie clearly
views her as a mother figure (even calling her mother), and treats her advances
as Oedipal. Theoretically Judy as Madeleine
is punished for desiring Scottie by being separated from him after the murder
of the real Madeleine is completed.
While Judy’s death at the end of the film is also a narrative punishment
for her complicity in Madeleine’s murder, it is also more effectively a
punishment for her desire for Scottie, and for the wrenches she threw in his
scopophilic enjoyment by allowing him to “fall in love” with a non-entity.
That non-entity is telling.
At the end of the film we still know next to nothing about Madeleine
Elster or Judy Barton, both dead. We are
acquainted only with how their deaths have impacted Scottie. As Mulvey quoted Budd Boetticher, “What
counts is what the heroine provokes, or rather what she represents. She is the
one, or rather the love or fear she inspires in the hero or else the concern he
feels for her, who makes him act the way he does. In herself the woman has not the slightest
importance.” Any further backstory or
explanation of Judy Barton’s relationship or interactions with Gavin Elster
might have made her more of a three-dimensional character, but in this
narrative she functioned purely as an object for exhibitionist pleasure, so
such character development was foregone.
In a way, Scottie is excused for having fallen in love with a
murderer, because as she was pretending to be Madeleine, and portraying a
person given to fits of possession or insanity, that insanity had the same
effect that “blindness” had on the silent-film heroines discussed by Williams. Her trance-like state portrayed the same lack
of autonomy and desire that Williams correlated to literal or figurative
blindness in virginal heroines. The Madeleine/
Judy character doesn’t even speak until almost 40 minutes into the film. She is simply viewed, and is certainly on
display (on about 6 levels). With her bleached blonde hair and her white coat,
she oscillates between appearing virginal and ghostly.
Judy’s guilt narratively justifies Scotties’ rather bizarre
behavior. Mulvey explained that “The power to subject another person to the
will sadistically or to the gaze voyeuristically is turned onto the woman as
the object of both. Power is backed by a certainty of legal right and the
established guilt of the woman.” Thus
her role as a murder-accomplice becomes symbolic of the threat of
castration. The guilt or shame universal
to women.
“The male unconscious has two avenues of escape from this
castration anxiety: preoccupation with the re-enactment of the original trauma
(investigating the woman, demystifying her mystery), counterbalanced by the
devaluation, punishment, or saving of the guilty object.” Mulvey here describes every motivation of
Scottie’s character in the second half of the film. As he finds Judy, then literally forces her
to re-enact the death of Madeleine. He
also punishes her as a guilty object, both through the process of grooming her
to re-perform her role as Madeleine, and then by making her re-enact
Madeleine’s death with him by going to the top of the tower, and ultimately by
placing her where she would re-enact Madeleine’s death with her own death.
But Judy’s guilt never takes too much precedence. If she were too inexcusably wicked she’d be
more powerful or more interesting than Scottie.
Her threat is lobotomized, to where she’d be almost sympathetic if she
were allowed to be real. But the
softening of her guilt ultimately functions only to justify Scottie’s
attraction to her as an object, and his exhibition of her to the audience. “The beauty of the woman as object and the
screen space coalesce; she is no longer the bearer of guilt but a perfect
product, whose body, stylized and fragmented by close-ups, is the content of
the film and the direct recipient of the spectator’s look.”
Judy is even seen to be participating in her exhibitionism (both
as Madeleine and as Judy) willingly, with the motivation of desire for
Scottie. Once she actively pursues this
desire, telling Scottie she’ll conform to all the changes he demands if he’ll
“just like me.” Then Scottie’s masochism kicks into high gear. That this scene coincides with the necklace
clue that allows Scottie to solve Judy’s mystery, and punish her for it,
suggests that perhaps Judy was being punished for desiring Scottie, and for
having foiled his sadistic infatuation by having attracted him under false
pretenses and having rendered the already threatening female object too threatening
by making it a deceit.
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